TNF and COVID-19: The majority of studies on COVID-19 have attributed the tissue damage and multiple organ failure to the cytokine storm caused by elevated levels of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, human interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP10), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in significant neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, leading to tissue damage and organ failure (43).