TNF and rosacea: TNF-α and IL-1β are known to induce the expression of a subset of proinflammatory chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL20, and CCL27) in keratinocytes, implying a potential pathway for TH1 and TH17 cell recruitment as well as neutrophil recruitment in rosacea lesional skin [12].