TGFB1 and tuberculosis: Among the various cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and Th1 cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-2) are known to confer significant protection against tuberculosis (Appelberg, 1994), while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) (Etna et al., 2014) and type-I interferons (IFN-β) confer susceptibility (Moreira-Teixeira et al., 2020).