MMP2 and gastric cancer: In gastric cancer cell lines and tissues, ADCY3 overexpression promotes tumorigenesis by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway, which increases cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and colony formation (77, 78).