NLRP3 and Cognitive impairment: With this regard, expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD-NT, and cleaved caspase-1 were augmented in the brain of septic mice, and the upregulation of NLRP3, caspase-1, and gasdermin-D in the hippocampus resulted in the cognitive deficits in the mice model of SAE by inducing pyroptosis (99).