VSIR and cancer: FOXD3 serves as the transcription factors of VISTA in melanoma, and the upregulation of FOXD3 can effectively inhibit the expression of VISTA; thus, BRAF and FOXD3 co-participate in the expression of VISTA [66]. Besides, in various cancer cells, keratinocytes and T cells (including MCF-7, Jurkat T, HaCaT keratinocytes, THP-1, K562 and WT-3ab), the expression of VISTA is modulated by TGF-β/Smad3 signal pathway [67], however, the downstream of both of the axes needs further research.