After finding the differences across the high- and low-risk subgroups in train, test1, test2, and test3 cohorts, it was found that numerous types of anti-tumor immune cells (e.g. activated CD4 + T cells, M1 macrophage, T follicular helper cells (Tfh), natural killer T cell (NKT), CD8 + T cells) had higher proportions but some cancer-promoting immune cells including T helper 2 (Th2), T cell regulatory (Treg), M2 macrophage, and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) are also upregulated in the high-risk subgroup (Fig. 10E–H). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.