CD4 and neoplasm: To explore the transcriptome characteristics in our single-cell profiles, we applied gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to detect signatures in tumor tissues of different therapy groups, including Tfh cell signature (a distinct subset of CD4+ helper T cells that regulate the development of antigen-specific B cell immunity), CXCL13 signature (dominant chemokine for B cell and Tfh cells chemotaxis and germinal center formation) and the 12-chemokine signature (for detection of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) [13].