In the case of influenza, recognition of viral RNA by TLR7 results in the NF-κB-mediated expression of inflammatory cytokine proforms (signal 1), while the influenza virus M2 protein or the PB1-F2 polymerase stimulate activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome complex (signal 2) (Ichinohe et al., 2010; McAuley et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and influenza.