Treatment with R848 induced moderate increases in IL-1β (36.7%, p = 2.22 × 10−16) and pro-IL-1β (15.9%, p = 4.49 × 10−15) production, while combined influenza and R848 stimulation resulted in significant increases for all four proteins (Figure 2, Supplementary Table S2). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is influenza.