IL18 and influenza: Combined stimulation with influenza and R848 resulted in markedly increased production of pro-IL-1β (153.9%, p = 2.22 × 10−16) and IL-1β (339.8%, p = 2.22 × 10−16), with more moderate but significant increases in caspase-1 (32.0%, p = 0.009) and IL-18 (8.5%, p = 2 × 10−5).