Using targeted sequencing and mass spectrometry–based genotyping, a study of 439 MDS patient BM aspirates demonstrated that 51% of patients had at least one point mutation present at a mutation allele frequency (MAF) of 10% and above, and that mutations in TP53, EZH2, ETV6, RUNX1, and ASXL1 are predictors of poor overall survival in patients, independent of established risk factors such as age, sex and IPSS risk group (Bejar et al., 2011). Here, RUNX1 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.