Given that IRAK1 and IRAK4 mediate chronic inflammatory signals in MDS, autoimmune disease, and other diseases such as MPNs and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, there is great interest in IRAKs as therapeutic targets, and several IRAK inhibitors are currently under investigation in early clinical trials (Table 1) (Wiese et al., 2020; Rosenthal et al., 2019). Here, IRAK1 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.