Recent studies also showed IRAK1 is significantly overexpressed in MDS CD34+ cells compared to cord blood CD34+ cells and that IRAK1 phosphorylation leads to TRAF6 and downstream NF-kB activation in MDS HSPCs in both low- and high-risk disease (Rhyasen et al., 2013). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.