It has also been shown that bystander activation of CD8+ T cells occurs in the primary stages of HIV infection and activation markers, CD38 and HLA-DR, are upregulated in total CD8+ T cells and notably in the CD8+ T cells specific for HIV-unrelated viruses, i.e., HCMV, EBV, respiratory syncytial virus, and lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) (Dalod et al., 1999; Doisne et al., 2004; Kohlmeier et al., 2011). Here, CD8A is linked to HIV infectious disease.