Notably, aberrant expression of NOTCH receptors is a feature of multiple T-cell subsets in GCA patients, including the expansion of NOTCH1 CD4+ T cells, that utilize NOTCH-NOTCH ligand interactions to penetrate the wall of vasa vasora and break the tissue tolerance of large arteries (Wen et al., 2017; Watanabe et al., 2018b). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and temporal arteritis.