Histopathological changes in cerebellar neuronal structure, such as loss of Purkinje cells (PCs), have been discovered in the postmortem brains of many ASD patients.357,374,375 Validation data on key signalling molecules suggest that cerebellar PC-specific knockout of Tsc1, Tsc2 and Bmal1 is sufficient to induce core ASD-like behaviour.376–378 Notably, a growing number of studies have found that the cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of autism in the form of nonmotor regulation.379–381. The gene discussed is TSC1; the disease is autism.