TNF and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: Expression of TRAIL by immune cells induces apoptosis in tumor cells.34 In fact, GSK-3 inhibition has been shown to enhance both tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cell lines.35 These results support the hypothesis that 9-ING-41 treatment promoted activation of patient’s CD8 + T cells that might have contributed to the killing or suppression of ATLL cells.