Increased stromal TGF-β expression in CRC and marked extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition has been shown to be a prevalent component of poor prognosis and deficient immunotherapy responses, likely due to TGF-β in CAFs enhancing the tumour-initiating ability of CRC cells, and thus their metastatic potential.169 An alternative strategy to target TME elements for destruction is to induce the repolarization of stromal cells into a non-tumour progressive condition. Here, TGFB1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.