TNF and atherosclerosis: It has been recently demonstrated that PDCD4 is widely expressed in myocardial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, and PDCD4 directly regulated various inflammatory pathways including adipose inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis through altering differing cytokine expressions such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and NOTCH1.