TNF and cancer: Next, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed and the results indicated several malignant hallmarks and pathways of cancer, of which the top five up-regulated hallmarks were E2F targets, G2/M checkpoint, mitotic spindle, myc targets v1 and myc targets v2 (Figure 5A), and the top five down-regulated hallmarks were apical surface, estrogen response early, estrogen response late, myogenesis, and TNFA signaling via NF-kb (Figure 5B).