TNF and Hyperglycemia: In addition, Ganesh et al. [53] found that the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), are elevated in DW, which induces local hyperglycemia, accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and ROS, along with an increase in chronic inflammation [49].