Interestingly, HDAC4 plays a vital role in mediating cardiovascular diseases since (1) Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase- (CaMK-) II promotes hypertrophic growth via phosphorylation of HDAC4 in cultured cardiomyocytes, (2) activation of HDAC4 promotes angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, and (3) CaMKII-mediated cardiac hypertrophy can be altered by interfering with the HDAC4-MEF-2 signaling pathway [41]. The gene discussed is HDAC4; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.