The pathways with the largest increase in yearly rank since the early 1990s include type II diabetes mellitus, autophagy, PI3K-Akt signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, mTOR signaling, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, innate immune system (Reactome), insulin resistance, PPAR signaling, and apoptosis (Figure 4D). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.