The assay was further optimised using TDP-43 proteinopathy patient brain homogenate and then adapted to CSF from patients (and one pre-symptomatic carrier) with C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions, GRN mutations, and TARDBP mutations, expected to have underlying TDP-43 pathology. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and torsades de pointes.