CSF2 and multiple sclerosis: Comparing multiple sclerosis to other inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions of the CNS, Galli et al. 283 identified an expanded T-helper cell subset characterized by the expression of GM-CSF and the C–X–C chemokine receptor Type 4 (CRCX4), revealing Th cells as the major contributor to GM-CSF production in the peripheral immune compartment of multiple sclerosis patients, with highest GM-CSF production in the effector memory fraction.