TGFB1 and multiple sclerosis: Concerning the modifications of circulating and secreted cytokine levels in multiple sclerosis patients treated with high-dose VitD, a significant increase of IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and TNFα was reported in total PBMCs47,83,86,87 and TGFβ in serum,47,88,90 as well as a significant decrease in proliferation in PBMCs86,94 (Fig. 3B).