Also, it has been observed in animal experimental models and clinical studies that obesity during pregnancy, besides promoting insulin resistance, can impair glucose tolerance, increase IGF-1 serum levels, reduce insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), and endorse endothelial cell dysfunction, hypertension, hyperphagia and increased adiposity in offspring (10, 11, 47–49). Here, IGF1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.