Also, GDM pregnancies exhibit alterations in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability (51) and other vasoactive molecules (e.g., adenosine) and/or differential responses to hormones (e.g., insulin, vascular endothelial growth factor -VEGF-) (51–54), that can result in distorted angiogenesis and hence, the aforementioned endothelial dysfunction (51, 55). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.