TNF and endothelial dysfunction: During MetS, adiponectin, leptin, chemerin, resistin, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and other adipokines are abnormally secreted and released, or dysfunctional, which induces oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory effects, and increased sympathetic activity, and finally lead to changes in renal function and structure (75–79).