SLC1A3 and Parkinson disease: Another study showed that when rat astrocytes are treated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), as well as spinal cord explants from rats suffering spared nerve injury, they release EV containing GLAST 1 and 2 (Gosselin et al., 2013), known to reduce neurotoxicity induced by glutamate release in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), AD, ALS, and Huntington’s disease (Iovino et al., 2020; Todd and Hardingham, 2020).