NRP1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Autocrine VEGF in lung cancer has been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation in NSCLC; additionally, NRP1 plays a central role in regulating VEGF-driven NSCLC cell proliferation 38.