It has been reported that PC-NVs improved erectile function by enhancing cell survival signaling and expression of neurotrophic factors in a mouse CNI model.22 In addition, our previous studies showed that embryonic stem cell-derived EV-mimetic NVs can also restore erectile function in a mouse diabetes model by inducing cell proliferation and survival signaling pathways.30 Consistently, Signaling Explorer Antibody Arrays demonstrated that MAPK3, Akt1, and Trp53 signaling constitute the significant signaling pathways for PC-NVs/Lcn2-driven neurovascular regeneration in DM. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and diabetes mellitus.