Tumor cells induce immune escape by inhibiting the response and function of infiltrative immune cells by suppressing signaling pathways, such as the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) (Chen and Flies, 2013; Beatty and Gladney, 2015; Xiong et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.