HOTAIR and myeloid sarcoma: Pahlevan Kakhki et al. (2018) found that HOTAIR expression was dysregulated in both MS patients and animal models and was correlated with immune-activated sites. The role of HOTAIR in the pathogenesis of MS is still unclear, but it is speculated that HOTAIR might play a role in CNS-related processes (e.g., myelination) through various epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and miRNA regulation. These speculated mechanisms are consistent with the known immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of VD (Pahlevan Kakhki et al., 2018).