The low proportion of pathogenic variants is observed across all malaria-specific genes in Bantu, Afro-Asiatic, and Latin-American ethnolinguistic cultural groups (Figure 2C); however, except for toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), FREM3, IL4, ICAM-1, and nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal), the Bantu-related ethnolinguistic cultural groups and Latin-Americans have a high proportion of pathogenic variants (Figure 2C). Here, NOS1 is linked to malaria.