Studies by Moreno et al., 2011; Izquierdo et al., 2012; and Hu et al., 2010, suggest that TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), along with the NF-KB pathway, can maintain serum Klotho levels, preserve renal function, and prevent renal fibrosis [5,28-29]. Here, TNF is linked to renal fibrosis.