AMD1 and breast carcinoma: It has been reported that increased expression level of AMD1 in gastric cancer indicates up-regulated enzymatic function in synthesis of spermidine or spermine (22), which could possibly promote the development of cancer; it has been frequently observed that HMGB2 is expressed in malignant gastric cancer (29) and in breast cancer (25), playing a role in modulation via targeting LDHB and FBP1 (25).