HMGB1 and brain edema: Our results indicated that the PNU-282987 reduced inflammatory factors (MCP-1, IL-1β, MMP-9, TNF-α, HMGB1, TLR2), promoted the polarization of macrophage/microglia into anti-inflammatory subtypes(CD206), repaired blood-brain barrier injury (ZO-1, Claudin-5, Occludin), alleviated acute brain edema and then recovered neurological dysfunction.