TNF and atrial fibrillation: In patients with AF increased levels of inflammatory markers (e.g., CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α etc.)and an elevated number of recruited macrophages (identified as CD68+ and CD14++CD16− macrophages) have been described in left and right atria (Patel et al., 2010; Yamashita et al., 2010; He et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2016; Aguiar et al., 2019).