NEFL and Alzheimer disease: Previously, microbial-derived LPS has been shown to induce NF-kB and NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-30b signaling (42, 45–47) and pathologically miRNA-30b is robustly upregulated in the brains of both patients with AD and in Aβ-peptide over-expressing transgenic murine models of AD (TgAD), while expression of its multiple mRNA targets that maintain neuronal structure and synaptic signaling, such as the NF-L transcript, is significantly downregulated (42, 45–48).