NOD1 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: showed that NOD1 activation in acinar cells by gut microbiota played an indispensable role in the occurrence of cerulein-induced AP (Tsuji et al., 2012), where diaminopimelic acid (DAP) from cell wall peptidoglycans of gram-negative bacteria and particular gram-positive bacteria is a ligand for NOD1 that can induce innate immune responses.