DAP and cancer: Upon DAP recognition by NOD1, an immune inflammatory response is generated via NF-κB and mitogen-associated protein kinases (MAPKs) (Chamaillard et al., 2003), while DAP has also been implicated in other innate immunity mechanisms, such as apoptosis (Inohara and Nunez, 2003) and autophagy (Travassos et al., 2010), as well as cancer metastasis (Jiang et al., 2020).