Moreover, DCA and its conjugated form TDCA have been demonstrated to trigger the production of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 [42,43], so their significant increase in HFD and decrease in the intervention groups (especially MN-Gup + XOS FM) were consistent with the obesity-related inflammation and the alleviation by interventions. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.