PTGS2 and carcinoma: Therefore, this study aims to prepare and standardize brazilin-rich extract (BRE) from C. sappan heartwood and investigate their antibacterial against the foodborne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and anti-inflammatory effect on nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in combined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated colon adenocarcinoma and carcinoma cells.