Furthermore, based on quantitative PCR in human paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Cui et al. validated that deSUMOylation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by SENP1 is associated with increased cancer stemness in HCC and hepatocarcinogenesis under hypoxic conditions [9]. Here, SENP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.