TNF and viral infectious disease: The upregulation of Gal-3BP during viral infection has been demonstrated to be mediated by different cytokines that are commonly induced by virus infection, such as interferons (i.e., IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) [47,49,50,51,52], tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [53,54], and by double-stranded polynucleotides [55].