MAPK3 and breast cancer: In breast cancer cells, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1/3 kinases promote its binding to the E3 ligase BTRC by phosphorylating ULK1 at multiple sites, triggering proteasomal degradation of K48-linked ULK1 ubiquitination, ultimately attenuating mitophagy and promoting breast cancer bone metastases [57].