In this way, while molecular testing and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) evaluation have become mandatory over the years in advanced NSCLC to identify predictive factors for new therapies, it has not been historically required as a routine in stage I-III disease: it represents only a recent addiction in early-stage NSCLC patients (pts) due to the several clinical trials conducted both in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.