CXCL1 and ulcerative colitis: Additionally, in a study on perfusates from patients with demonstrated elevated levels of CXCL1 [149], the concentration of CXCL1 was 3 times higher than CXCL8/IL-8, which indicates that in ulcerative colitis, CXCL1 has a major function among CXCR2 ligands.