During ER stress, the human diabetes gene pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)-induced ATF4 and ATF5 activation restores the cellular homeostasis and the survival of pancreatic β cells by activating the expression of the protein translation suppressor gene eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) through the PDX1–ATF transcriptional complex [42,66]. This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and diabetes mellitus.