JAK1 and neuromyelitis optica: In validation experiments as described above, we found that the expression levels of IL-15 and JAK-1 were significantly increased in astrocytes cultured with NMO sera compared to HCs (IL-15: 1.1 ± 0.5 RQ vs. 0.72 ± 0.3 RQ, p = 0.0008; and JAK-1: 1.1 ± 0.4 RQ vs. 0.86 ± 0.4 RQ, p = 0.029, Figure 7a,b).