Second, a set of markers are down-regulated (e.g., APC, p27 protein, calcium-sensing receptor CaSR) or up-regulated (e.g., proliferation activity by Ki-67 exceeding 5%) in parathyroid carcinoma compared to benign parathyroid disease and thus can be helpful increasing the suspicion of malignancy and prompting the search for the definitive criteria for carcinoma. Here, CASR is linked to carcinoma.