TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: More specifically, kaempferol may be an effective therapeutic agent for IBD treatment reflected by its inhibitory activity on multiple inflammatory pathways and evidenced by blocking NF-κB, I-κB, and STAT phosphorylation, and reducing TLR4 expression, as well as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion induced by LPS in rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells [51].