Polyphenols are also low affinity ligands for various cell signal kinases involved in inflammation, mitochondrial respiration, and apoptosis such as AMPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 [144] and kinase dysfunction is genetically linked to PD and thought responsible for hyperphosphorylation of α–synuclein [145]. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is Parkinson disease.