TNF and ileus: Decreased MCP-1, along with IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, was associated with improved GI transit in a gut manipulation model of ileus (mice) after a number of different treatments, including the transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (C57BL/6 mice, 24-h time point), mangiferin treatment (Swiss mice, 24 h time point), and 5-HT3 inhibition (Balb/c, 3 h) [166,167,168].