Similarly, experiments on a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) rat model, mimicking the development of cardiac hypertrophy-associated heart failure, demonstrated increased expression of ER stress markers (GRP78, CHOP/Gadd153 and calnexin) and apoptotic status markers (Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta (GSK3B), Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio and BCL2-Binding Component 3 (BBC3)). This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and cardiac hypertrophy.